Q&A

1. LF (Low Frequency) : below 135KHz
2. HF (High Frequency) : 13.553 - 13.567 MHz
3. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 433 MHz (rarely used for RFID)
4. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 840.5 - 844.5 MHz (China)
5. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 864 - 868 MHz (New Zealand)
6. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 865 - 867 MHz (India)
7. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 865 - 868 MHz (Hong Kong / Iran)
8. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 865.7 - 867.6 MHz (Eurpo)
9. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 866 - 869 MHz (Malaysia / Singapore / Vietnam)
10. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 902 - 928 MHz (Canada / USA)
11. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 902 - 907.5 MHz (Brazil)
12. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 908 - 910 MHz (Korea)
13. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 915 - 917 MHz (Israel)
14. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 920 - 925 MHz (Thailand)
15. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 920 - 926 MHz (Australia)
16. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 922 - 928 MHz (Taiwan)
17. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) : 952 - 954 MHz (Japan)
18. Microwave : 2.400 - 2.483 GHz (Canada / USA)
19. Microwave : 2.446 - 2.454 GHz
20. Microwave : 5.725 - 5.875 GHz  (rarely used for RFID)
21. NFC (Near Field Communication) : 13.56MHz

ISO/IEC 11784 : Standard for Animal Identification  - code structure
ISO/IEC 11785 : Standard for Animal Identification  - technical concept
ISO/IEC 14443 : Standard for air interface protocol for proximity cards  (offer limited read range for security, around 10cm)
ISO/IEC 15693 : Standard for air interface protocol for vicinity cards, smart tags (offer longer read range, around 1.5m)
ISO/IEC 18000-1 : Generic Parameter for Air Interface Communications for Globally Accepted Frequencies
ISO/IEC 18000-2 : Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135 kHz (ISO LF standard)
ISO/IEC 18000-3 : Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56 MHz (ISO HF standard)
ISO/IEC 18000-4 : Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45 GHz (ISO Microwave standard)
ISO/IEC 18000-5 : Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 5.8 GHz
ISO/IEC 18000-6 : Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 to 930MHz (ISO UHF standard)
ISO/IEC 18000-7 : Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433.92 MHz
ISO/IEC 18092:2004 : Near Field Communication - Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)

EPC Class 0 : Identity Tags (Read only)
EPC Class 1 : Identity Tags (Write Once / Read Many)
EPC Class 2 : Higher Functionality Tags (Read / Write)
EPC Class 3 : Semi Passive Tags (Read / Write with battery power to enhance range)
EPC Class 4 : Active Tags (Read / Write active transmitter)
UHF Class 1 Gen 1 : C1G1 at 860-930MHz, is not backward compatible with Class 0.
UHF Class 1 Gen 2 : C1G2 at 860-960MHz, is merging with the C1G1 and Class 0 standard.

ISO/IEC 18000-6 : deals with air interface protocols only
EPC UHF standard : deals with air interface protocols and data structure

LF typical applications : access control, animal and livestock identification, ticketing, laundry, supply-chain management, vehicle identification, container tracking, asset management, waste management, product identification, process automation, stored value, and etc.

HF typical applications : access control, ticketing, library management, laundry management, supply-chain management, vehicle identification, container tracking, asset management, waste management, animal and livestock identification, product authentication, process automation, stored value, pharmaceutical counterfeit, and etc.

UHF typical applications : supply-chain management and distribution logistics, express parcel delivery, airline baggage handling, asset tracking, vehicle identification, container tracking, access control, waste management, product authentication, process automation, stored value, and etc.

Microwave typical applications : ETC(Electronic Toll Collection) and RTLS(Real-Time Locating System

For a typical RFID tag read range :
LF tag (passive) : < 0.5m
HF tag (passive) : < 1m
UHF tag (passive) : < 10m   
UHF tag (active) : > 100m    
Microwave (passive) : < 3m

Many diverse factors will cause read range different, for example : operation frequency, reader output power, tag antenna size, reader antanna size, active tag  or passive tag,  reader position, objects interference, others RF device interference, and etc.

160cm : ANT1400/760 (Gate Antenna with integrated Long Range Reader Module)
  80cm : LRM2000-A (ISO 15693 Long Range Reader Module) + ANT800/600-DA (Antenna)
  60cm : RI-STU-650A (ISO 15693 Long Range Reader Module) + ANT-T01 (Antenna)
  30cm : MR101 (ISO 15693 Mid Range Desktop Series Reader) + ANT340/240-A (Antenna)
  30cm : MR101 (ISO 15693 Mid Range Desktop Series Reader) + EHA-P3021 (Antenna)
  30cm : EHR-PUSB-15 (ISO 15693 Mid Range Panel Type Reader with integrated Antenna)
  18cm : PRH101 (ISO 15693 Proximity Handheld Series Reader with integrated Antenna)
  18cm : PR101 (ISO 15693 Proximity Desktop Series Reader with integrated Antenna)
  10cm : EHR-CF15  (ISO 15693 Proximity CF interface Reader with integrated Antenna)
  10cm : EHR-Dxxx-15  (ISO 15693 Proximity Desktop Series Reader with integrated Antenna)
    8cm : EHR-Hxxx-15  (ISO 15693 Proximity Handheld Series Reader with integrated Antenna)
    5cm : EHR-CF14A  (ISO 14443-A Proximity CF interface Reader with integrated Antenna)
    5cm : EHR-Dxxx-14A  (ISO 14443-A Proximity Desktop Series Reader with integrated Antenna)
    5cm : EHR-MUSB-15  (ISO 15693 Proximity Mini Desktop Series Reader with integrated Antenna)
    3cm : EHR-MUSB-14A  (ISO 14443-A Proximity Mini Desktop Series Reader with integrated Antenna)

Note : The testing tag is a ISO card size.

Passive tag has no internal power supply like bettery. Instead, it get power from RFID reader. RFID reader sends out electromagnetic waves to passive tag antenna and the tag antenna induced the energy to power for IC's work.

Active tag has internal power like battery. The tag use the power to work IC and broadcast signal to reader continuously. It is usually used for a long read distance tag.

Semi-passive tag has internal power like battery. The tag use the power to work IC to monitor enviromental conditions like temperature but communicate with reader by induced energy as passive tag.

R/W (read/write) : The microchip in RFID tag can be written information many times. It usually has a serial number about which item is attached by the tag, and can be locked to prevent overwrite.

R/O (read only) : The microchip in RFID tag can be  written information once during manufacturing process but cannot be overwritten to change.

WORM (write once, read many) : The microchip in RFID tag can be written information once by customer but cannot be overwritten to change.

All kinds of information can be stored in RFID chip if you need, such as serial numbers, selling price, location data, date codes,  vital supply chain data,  test data, and etc. Basically, a passive RFID tag with memory size less than 2KB is enough to store basic information. You can choose the memory size dependns on your application and notice that smaller memory size is cheaper than bigger one.